# Partners

The partner of a round object (a round point, dipole, circle, or sphere) is the round object having the same center, same carrier, and same absolute size, but having a squared radius of the opposite sign. The partner of an object $$\mathbf x$$ is denoted by $$\operatorname{par}(\mathbf x)$$, and it is given by the meet of the carrier of $$\mathbf x$$ with the container of $$\mathbf x^*$$:

$$\operatorname{par}(\mathbf x) = \operatorname{car}(\mathbf x) \vee \operatorname{con}(\mathbf x^*)$$ .

The dot product between a round object and its partner is always zero. They are orthogonal:

$$\mathbf x \mathbin{\unicode{x25CF}} \operatorname{par}(\mathbf x) = 0$$ .

The following table lists the partners for the round objects in the 5D conformal geometric algebra $$\mathcal G_{4,1}$$.

Type Definition Partner
Round point $$\mathbf a = a_x \mathbf e_1 + a_y \mathbf e_2 + a_z \mathbf e_3 + a_w \mathbf e_4 + a_u \mathbf e_5$$ $$\begin{split}\operatorname{par}(\mathbf a) = {\phantom +}\,&a_xa_w^2 \mathbf e_1 + a_ya_w^2 \mathbf e_2 + a_za_w^2 \mathbf e_3 + a_w^3 \mathbf e_4 + (a_x^2 + a_y^2 + a_z^2 - a_wa_u)\,a_w \mathbf e_5\end{split}$$
Dipole $$\mathbf d = d_{vx} \mathbf e_{41} + d_{vy} \mathbf e_{42} + d_{vz} \mathbf e_{43} + d_{mx} \mathbf e_{23} + d_{my} \mathbf e_{31} + d_{mz} \mathbf e_{12} + d_{px} \mathbf e_{15} + d_{py} \mathbf e_{25} + d_{pz} \mathbf e_{35} + d_{pw} \mathbf e_{45}$$ $$\begin{split}\operatorname{par}(\mathbf d) = &-(d_{vx}^2 + d_{vy}^2 + d_{vz}^2)(d_{vx} \mathbf e_{41} + d_{vy} \mathbf e_{42} + d_{vz} \mathbf e_{43} + d_{mx} \mathbf e_{23} + d_{my} \mathbf e_{31} + d_{mz} \mathbf e_{12} + d_{pw} \mathbf e_{45}) \\ &+ (d_{mx}^2 + d_{my}^2 + d_{mz}^2 - d_{pw}^2 + d_{vx} d_{px} + d_{vy} d_{py} + d_{vz} d_{pz})(d_{vx} \mathbf e_{15} + d_{vy} \mathbf e_{25} + d_{vz} \mathbf e_{35}) \\ &+ (d_{my} d_{vz} - d_{mz} d_{vy})\,d_{pw}\mathbf e_{15} + (d_{mz} d_{vx} - d_{mx} d_{vz})\,d_{pw}\mathbf e_{25} + (d_{mx} d_{vy} - d_{my} d_{vx})\,d_{pw}\mathbf e_{35}\end{split}$$
Circle $$\mathbf c = c_{gx} \mathbf e_{423} + c_{gy} \mathbf e_{431} + c_{gz} \mathbf e_{412} + c_{gw} \mathbf e_{321} + c_{vx} \mathbf e_{415} + c_{vy} \mathbf e_{425} + c_{vz} \mathbf e_{435} + c_{mx} \mathbf e_{235} + c_{my} \mathbf e_{315} + c_{mz} \mathbf e_{125}$$ $$\begin{split}\operatorname{par}(\mathbf c) = {\phantom +}\,&(c_{gx}^2 + c_{gy}^2 + c_{gz}^2)(c_{gx} \mathbf e_{423} + c_{gy} \mathbf e_{431} + c_{gz} \mathbf e_{412} + c_{gw} \mathbf e_{321} + c_{vx} \mathbf e_{415} + c_{vy} \mathbf e_{425} + c_{vz} \mathbf e_{435}) \\ +\,&(c_{gw}^2 - c_{vx}^2 - c_{vy}^2 - c_{vz}^2 - c_{gx} c_{mx} - c_{gy} c_{my} - c_{gz} c_{mz})(c_{gx} \mathbf e_{235} + c_{gy} \mathbf e_{315} + c_{gz} \mathbf e_{125}) \\ +\,&(c_{vy} c_{gz} - c_{vz} c_{gy})\,c_{gw}\mathbf e_{235} + (c_{vz} c_{gx} - c_{vx} c_{gz})\,c_{gw}\mathbf e_{315} + (c_{vx} c_{gy} - c_{vy} c_{gx})\,c_{gw}\mathbf e_{125}\end{split}$$
Sphere $$\mathbf s = s_u \mathbf e_{1234} + s_x \mathbf e_{4235} + s_y \mathbf e_{4315} + s_z \mathbf e_{4125} + s_w \mathbf e_{3215}$$ $$\begin{split}\operatorname{par}(\mathbf s) = &-s_u^3 \mathbf e_{1234} - s_xs_u^2 \mathbf e_{4235} - s_ys_u^2 \mathbf e_{4315} - s_zs_u^2 \mathbf e_{4125} + (s_ws_u - s_x^2 - s_y^2 - s_z^2)\,s_u \mathbf e_{3215}\end{split}$$